Base Substitutions in Genomes Due to Deamination and Oxidation of DNA Bases, Favoring Genome Compositional Biases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63635/mrj.v1i4.188Keywords:
Genome G+C %, Base substitution mutation, Deamination, Oxidative lesions, Transition, Transversion, DNA repairAbstract
The genome G+C content of bacteria varies widely, from 13% to 75%, which is influenced by both environmental and internal mutation pressure; however, the precise determinants of this variability remain unresolved. Mutation-based models, such as Sueoka’s directional mutation hypothesis, suggest that G+C content arises from mutational pressures within an organism without providing any specific advantage to it. Though there are several advantages associated with genome G+C%, there is limited evidence, favoring any selection mechanism for G+C% evolution. Hence, the genome G+C% in organisms is largely studied under the neutral theory of evolution. Cytosine deamination and guanine oxidation are recognized as major contributors to A/T mutational bias, producing frequent substitutions such as C→T transitions and G→T transversions, respectively. While these mechanisms leading to A+T enrichment have been well studied, counteracting processes that promote G+C enrichment in organisms are comparatively less understood. This review mainly highlights adenine as an underexplored contributor: its deamination and oxidation yield A→G and A→C substitutions, respectively, both biased toward increased G+C content. We further consider how the efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms may shape G+C content across evolutionary timescales. Together, these perspectives address a gap in the current understanding of the mutational forces influencing genome composition.
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